Marx, Capital(vol. 1) 1
text: David McLellan(edit.), Oxford1999.
굵게 표시된, 모든 강조는 내가 했음(All emphasis, which is bold be done for myself).
Part 1. Commodities and Money
제1부, 상품과 화폐
Chapter 1. Commodities
제1장, 상품
Section 1. The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use-Value and Value(the Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value)
제1절, 상품의 두 요소: 사용가치와 가치(가치의 실체와 가치의 크기)
The wealth of those societies in which the capitalist mode of production prevails, presents itself as ‘an immense accumulation of commodities’, its unit being a single commodity. Our investigation must therefore begin with the analysis of a commodity.
자본주의 생산양식이 지배하는, 한 사회에서 부는 ‘상품의 거대한 집적’으로 나타난다; 그것의 기본단위가 개별 상품이다. 그런 점에서, 우리의 연구는 상품에 대한 분석으로 시작되어야 한다.
A commodity is, in the first place, an object outside us, a thing that by its properties satisfies human wants of some sort or another. The nature of such wants, whether, for instance, they spring from the stomach or from fancy, makes no difference. Neither are we here concerned to know how the object satisfies these wants, whether directly as means of subsistence, or indirectly as means of production.
(개별) 상품은 우선적으로, 외적 대상이다; 그것은 그 자신의 속성으로써 어떠한 인간 욕구를 만족시킨다. 그 욕구의 본질이 무엇이냐 하는 건 별 문제되지 않는다; 그것이 위장으로부터든, (순간적인) 바람에서부터든. 마찬가지로, 우리는 또한 이 대상이 욕구들을 어떻게 만족시키는지도 신경쓰지 않는다; 그것이 생필품으로서 직접적으로 그러하든, 생산수단으로서 간접적으로 그러하든.
Every useful thing, as iron, paper, etc., my be looked at from the two points of view of quality and quantity. It is an assemblage of many properties, and may therefore be of use in various ways. To discover the various uses of things is the work of history. So also is the establishment of socially-recognised standards of measure for the quantities of these useful objects. The diversity of these measures has its origin partly in the diverse nature of the objects to be measured, partly in convention.
The utility of a thing makes it a use-value. But this utility is not a thing of air. Being limited by the physical properties of the commodity, it has no existence apart from that commodity. A commodity, such as iron, corn, or a diamond, is therefore, so far as it is a material thing, a use-value, something useful. This property of a commodity is independent of the amount of labour required to appropriate its useful qualities. When treating of use-value, we always assume to be dealing with definite quantities, such as dozens of watches, yards of linen, or tons of iron. The use-values of commodities furnish the material for a special study, that of the commercial knowledge of commodities. Use-values become a reality only by use or consumption: they also constitute the substance of all wealth, whatever may be the social form of that wealth.
